Las encuestas constituyen una pequeña radiografía de los efectos de la pandemia sobre la población, en las que emociones, vulnerabilidad y discriminación se han vuelto tema que habrían de considerar las políticas públicas contemporáneas
Sin duda, el coronavirus está afectando la salud mental de millones de personas y dejará secuelas que veremos en los próximos años y, posiblemente, décadas. ¿Cuántas veces ha sentido miedo de enfermarse de COVID-19? ¿Cuántas veces ha tenido una discusión con su pareja, hijos o algún familiar? ¿Cuántas veces ha tenido preocupaciones laborales o económicas?
El estrés, aislamiento social, pérdidas familiares, pérdidas laborales, económicas o temor a ser contagiado siguen impactando nuestras emociones y sentimientos a pesar de que los gobiernos ya están relajando gradualmente la cuarentena. Para tener un esbozo de cómo nuestra psicología ha sido afectada en los últimos meses, los estudios de opinión pública son una buena herramienta que pueden darnos una dimensión de este fenómeno.
Con el objetivo de ilustrar esto, hago uso de información obtenida a través de distintas encuestas en Argentina y, con ello, daré una pequeña radiografía. Primero, detallaré un poco del contexto de la pandemia, después mencionaré algunas emociones que han sentido las personas, posteriormente, continuaré con algunos datos sobre la situación de vulnerabilidad de la mujer y, finalmente, un dato sobre la discriminación.
Todo comenzó el pasado 3 de marzo cuando se detectó el primer caso de COVID-19 en la capital Buenos Aires, el 20 del mismo mes el gobierno del presidente Alberto Fernández declaró la entrada en vigor en todo el país del “Aislamiento Social Preventivo y Obligatorio” (ASPO). A partir de esa fecha, la sociedad argentina ha estado envuelta en la cuarentana más larga de la que sus ciudadanos tengan memoria.
Ante la pandemia, el miedo a enfermarse es el primer sentimiento que surge entre la población. El miedo es una reacción psicofisiológica de los seres humanos frente a un estímulo externo adverso, deriva en otras sensaciones como la desconfianza, preocupación, ansiedad y nerviosismo. La encuesta de la consultora Giacobbe & Asociados del 17 de junio de 2020 hecha a 2,500 personas con dispositivos móviles muestra que 75% de los argentinos tuvo algún nivel de miedo a la COVID-19. La mitad de los entrevistados estaba de acuerdo con prolongar la cuarentena hasta finales de julio, a pesar de que 56% de ellos afirmaron que su economía familiar no aguantaría otro mes.[1]
También, el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia (UNICEF) realizó una encuesta en 2,600 hogares argentinos, de ella se obtuvo que 36% de los adolescentes presentaron algún sentimiento negativo como estar asustado, angustiado o deprimido. En 20% de los hogares se identificó más enojos y discusiones entre los miembros de las familias que involucraban a los padres, hijos y demás habitantes del hogar.[2]
Las mujeres argentinas han sido vulnerables en esta crisis. La encuesta de UNICEF señala que 51% de las mujeres entrevistadas mayores de 18 años expresó que, durante el aislamiento social, tuvo una mayor carga de las tareas del hogar. Las causas de la sobrecarga fueron la limpieza de la casa, la tarea de cuidados, la preparación de la comida y la ayuda con las tareas escolares. Por otro lado, datos del Ministerio de las Mujeres, Géneros y Diversidad apuntan que, a partir del inicio de la cuarentena, tuvieron un incremento de 39% de llamadas telefónicas para brindar atención y orientación a mujeres sobre violencia de género.
Otro fenómeno social que está afectando a la ciudadanía es la estigmatización de padecer COVID-19. Una encuesta online de 1,200 entrevistas de Zuban Córdoba y Asociados muestra que ser portador o sospechoso de esta enfermedad está, en estos momentos, como una de las cinco razones por la que un ciudadano es discriminado en Argentina.[3]
La pandemia está generando sentimientos de ansiedad y estrés tóxico que deriva en daños a la salud mental de la población. Si bien el esfuerzo mayúsculo de los gobiernos ha sido tratar de contener el contagio del coronavirus, también deben incluir políticas públicas encaminadas a recuperar el estado emocional de los grupos más afectados. Generar acciones en el mediano plazo ayudará a evitar el incremento de conductas antisociales como el acoso, agresión, robo, discriminación, consumo de drogas, entre otros.
*Porfirio Cruz Vázquez es especialista en comunicación política y opinión pública.
[1] El estudio puede consultarse en http://giacobbeconsultores.com/descargas/informeVI_junio_2020_covid19.pdf
[2] https://www.unicef.org/argentina/comunicados-prensa/covid-19-unicef-encuesta-percepcion-poblacion
[3] El estudio puede consultarse en https://zubancordoba.com/portfolio/informe-nacional-junio-2020/
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