La iniciativa de ley de salud mental en México es conocida como Ley Bañuelos por ser liderada por Geovanna del Carmen Bañuelos del Partido del Trabajo (PT), así como por parte de su bancada
Hablar de salud mental en un contexto marcado por la pandemia de coronavirus, en poco tiempo nos ha hecho saber que el impacto del encierro ha derivado en casos de depresión, de insomnio y de una sobre exposición a plataformas como Zoom, que han causado casos de cansancio y de hartazgo en entornos laborales o peor aún, de poca accesibilidad para poder avanzar en ambientes escolares.
Vivir en carne propia el encierro durante un largo e incierto periodo hace posible que cuestionemos las hospitalizaciones de pacientes con discapacidad psicosocial (psiquiátricos), sabiendo que un tratamiento efectivo no puede basarse en internamientos arbitrarios que rompan con los vínculos sociales o que no permitan a esas personas estar cerca de quienes aman.
En entrevista para Sucursal Fauces, Diana Sheinbaum Lerner, coordinadora del Programa de Discapacidad y Justicia de Documenta, explicó que a nivel internacional los espacios de encierro, especialmente en un momento marcado por el coronavirus, se reportan como focos rojos, para lo que citó como ejemplo a los geriátricos europeos en los que el 50% de sus habitantes muere, primeramente por ser parte de la población de riesgo, aunque también en parte por la falta de espacio suficiente para mantener una sana distancia y evitar contagios de COVID-19.
Sheinbaum Lerner señala que el compartir insumos y vivir en condiciones deplorables de higiene habría de generar acciones preventivas especialmente cuando se habla de espacios como los psiquiátricos en los que la iniciativa de Ley de Salud Mental propuesta por el Partido del Trabajo (PT) constituye no sólo una amenaza a los derechos humanos de los pacientes con discapacidad social, sino también un atentado en contra de su salud física y mental al no existir los espacios ni las condiciones para que éstos sean institucionalizados.
Que los hospitales psiquiátricos estén al amparo de la pandemia, no habla de nada bueno, mucho menos cuando las organizaciones y defensores en favor de mejores servicios y leyes sobre salud mental, exponen que la Secretaría de Salud nunca se ha hecho responsable directa de los psiquiátricos y, por el contrario, reporta como responsables directas a las secretarías estatales. El resultado, no es el mejor, enfatiza Diana Sheinbaum, pues ello fragmenta instituciones y responsabilidades, además de evitar la transformación de la que nadie se ha hecho responsable, derivando en vacíos institucionales y en la falta de liderazgo.
Por ello, Diana Sheinbaum, señala que la Ley Bañuelos va en contra de los derechos humanos, además de cuestionar el hecho de que ésta llegara tan pronto al Pleno, dando señales de que alrededor de ella existe poco formalismo conforme a los procesos y lineamientos del mismo Senado. Es decir, cuestiona que si la iniciativa tuvo modificaciones ¿qué versión pudo haberse aprobado en ése inter, cuando primero tenían que votarla en la Comisión de Salud?
Conforme a dichas inconformidades e inquietudes Disability Rights International (DRI), Yo También, Documenta, así como otras organizaciones y defensores de derechos humanos han expresando su descontento, además de insistir en la Convención sobre los Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad de la ONU.
En México el modelo es psiquiátrico, de asilo, por lo que Documenta enfatiza que la transición va más allá del marco normativo, además de hacer hincapié en que no se necesita una reforma legislativa sino poner en práctica servicios de salud mental que se integren al primer nivel de atención, que significa que todas las personas cuenten con la oportunidad de que en sus centros de salud exista atención a la salud mental, asumiendo de una vez por todas que la salud mental no va separada de la salud física, tema que la iniciativa Bañuelos ignora.
Sin embargo sus omisiones no parecen tan inocentes, toda vez que se conforma como una iniciativa de Ley plagada de estigmas y de prejuicios en torno a la salud mental cuando sus impulsores tienen una visión de la condición del individuo limitada y una demanda de ley que estigma y segrega.
En 2014 es mismo CDPD de la ONU exhortó al Estado mexicano a eliminar las medidas de seguridad que implican tratamiento médico-psiquiátrico forzoso en internamiento y, en su lugar, promover alternativas que fueran respetuosas de los artículos de la Convención. También hizo la invitación a derogar la legislación que permitiera la detención basada en la discapacidad, así como asegurar que todos los servicios de salud mental se suministraran con base en el conocimiento libre e informado.
Los peligros de la institucionalización que promueve la iniciativa Bañuelos, conforme a Documenta, pueden derivar en:
- Abusos a personas usuarias del sistema de salud mental como lo son niñas, niños y adolescentes
- Detención arbitraria
- Abuso físico
- Abuso sexual
- Esterilizaciones forzadas
- Uso de sujeciones físicas
- Uso de sujeciones químicas
- Aislamiento
- Negación de atención médica
En resumen, en un trato cruel, inhumano y degradante, tortura.
Dicha iniciativa está por ser votada el próximo miércoles 29 de julio en el Senado y ello constituye una violación a los derechos humanos de la que hay que estar al pendiente sabiendo que el encierro no es buen compañero para nadie.
Gabriela Estrada Espínola es licenciada en Comunicación por la Universidad Simón Bolívar y Maestra en Periodismo sobre Políticas Públicas por el Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas, CIDE. Ha colaborado en diversos medios y agencias de publicidad. Twitter: @GabaMaiden
En Sucursal Fauces, tus donaciones son de gran ayuda para continuar haciendo lo que tanto nos gusta, investigar para ti, ofreciéndote un fresco y nuevo periodismo sobre salud mental pública.
Hablamos tu idioma, este es tu espacio.
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